The story of how J.A. Bozman fished his father-in-law's 17 foot by 6 foot diameter steamboat boiler out of the Warrior at the Tuscaloosa wharf in 1863.

 James Alexander Bozman (1833-1903) - Find a Grave Memorial

Sue Dearing Bozman (1838-1891) - Find a Grave Memorial

Bozman's father-in-law and builder of the steamboat Cotton Plant James Hunter Dearing (1787-1861) - Find a Grave Memorial

During the Civil War, blacksmiths and boilermakers cut huge wrought-iron boilers in two primarily using cold chisels and sledgehammers, hand-cranked drills, or rivet-splitting techniques rather than torches, as oxy-acetylene cutting torches were not invented until the early 20th century. Because Civil War boilers were constructed from overlapping wrought-iron plates fastened together with thousands of rivets, cutting one in half was a grueling, multi-man manual process. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Depending on whether they were salvaging scrap iron for Confederate ironclads, shortening a locomotive boiler, or repairing a damaged steamboat, smiths relied on three primary methods:

1. Splitting the Riveted Seams (The Most Common Method)

Since large boilers were built in cylindrical rings riveted together, the easiest way to divide a boiler in two was to separate it at an existing circumferential seam. [1, 2]

Shearing Rivet Heads: Working in teams, one smith held a heavy, handled cold chisel (called a flogging chisel or rivet buster) against the protruding head of a rivet while a striker swung a 10-to-16-pound sledgehammer to shear the head off. [1]
Driving Out the Shanks: Once the heads were popped off around the entire circumference of the boiler, the smiths used a backing-out punch and sledgehammer to drive the remaining rivet shafts inward, allowing the two halves of the boiler to be pried apart. [1]

2. Chisel-Cutting Through Solid Plate

When a boiler had to be cut across the middle of a solid wrought-iron sheet (typically 1/4-inch to 1/2-inch thick), blacksmiths used brute force and hardened tool steel.

Grooving and Splitting: Smiths marked a chalk line around the cylinder and used a cape chisel (a narrow, wedge-shaped chisel) and heavy hammers to cut a deep groove into the iron.
Hot Cutting (When Portable): If a section could be moved near a forge—or if a temporary charcoal fire was built directly against the boiler shell—the metal was heated to a dull red to soften it before a hot cut chisel was driven through the plate. [1, 2]
Cold Cutting: On massive, immovable boilers, smiths worked cold, alternating between scoring the iron with chisels and wedging the cut open until the wrought iron fractured along the scored line.

3. Chain Drilling (The "Perforation" Method)

For thicker boiler plates or precision cuts—such as repurposing heavy boiler iron into makeshift armor or cutting out large fireboxes—blacksmiths used mechanical drilling.

Ratchet Braces and Hand Drills: Smiths strapped a heavy iron frame (often called an "old man") to the boiler to provide leverage for a hand-cranked ratchet drill.
Connecting the Holes: They drilled a tight row of overlapping holes (a technique known as chain drilling) all the way around the boiler. Once the line was perforated, a few sharp blows with a sledgehammer and cold chisel snapped the remaining thin webs of iron between the holes, cleanly separating the two halves.

Would you like to know more about how reclaimed boiler iron was repurposed for Confederate ironclads and submarines (like the H.L. Hunley), or are you interested in 19th-century boilermaking tools?

from the October 25, 1902 Birmingham News

AN OLD VETERAN TELLS HOW SALT WAS SUPPLIED TO THE CONFEDERACY. 

Captain J. A. Bozman, of Tuskaloosa,

 Matured and Operated a Plan Which Secured for the Southern Soldiers This Necessity of Life.

How the Confederacy was supplied with salt, is a story related by Capt. J. A. Bozman, of Tuskaloosa, Ala. Custodian of the Archives Thomas M.

Owen has requested Captain Bozman to furnish the story that it may be filed away as a part of the State's history. The Chattanooga Times recently had the recital from Captain Bozman which is as follows: "On December 2, 1862, General Grant, his entire army, landed at Milliken's Bend, Mississippi river, for the purpose of cutting a canal on the west side of the river to Young's Point, in a direct line, not more than three miles through a heavily timbered swamp. This piece of military strategy, when completed, would enable the federal gunboats and transports to pass through and avoid the Confederate batteries located on the heights of Vicksburg. This work was completed when Vicksburg surrendered, July 4, 1863. "At the above stated time I was successfully planting in Louisiana, a few miles below Grant's point of landing.

My negroes, about 100 in number, though aware of the approach of their so-called friends, remained loyal to us, o and without compulsion packed *bag and baggage' into six-mule wagons and started for Alabama, via their, Vicksburg, leaving behind the best 1m- proved plantation in the parish, with about 600 bales of cotton, 10,000 bushels of corn, a large stock of cattle, hogs, and other plantation products, too Duto mention, all of which was appropriated by and for the use of the federal army. "As we approached Vicksburg, the federal gunboats, then on the Mississippi river, espied in the distance my white top-covered wagons, no doubt thinking they contained provisions | coming in from Texas for the confederate soldiers then occupying the thought-to-be impregnable city, commenced shelling our fleeing cavalcade, to the disgust and fright of their socalled friend and brother. The confederates, too, no doubt, shared the supposition with their river foe, and commenced replying over our heads, a veritable duel going on, shot and shell falling all around us, not an enviable place to be in, I assure you. "Before reaching our destination Colonel Catesdy A. R.

Jones, superintendent of the naval gun foundry, located at Selma, Ala., impressed forty of my men for the use of the confederate government. I protested; I had natured a plan which would enable me to use these men to a great advantage. Salt | was worth $20 per bushei throughout the confederate states. We had in Alabama salt wells sufficient from which we could make salt without difficulty, we lacked the implements or utensils, such as caldrons, etc. With these forty men I could overcome these ODstacles.

"My father-in-law, Capt. James H. Dearing, being one of the pioneers of Alabama, built at St. Stephens, above Mobile, first steamboat that ascended the Alabama river in 1819. She ran successfully to and from Tuskaloosa to Mobile until 1824 when, by some mismanagement, she sank at the wharf Tuskaloosa.

All that remained peat, historical craft, was her boiler, 17 feet long and 6 feet in diameter, three-fourths of an inch thick. If I could get this monster boiler out of the river and cut it open lengthwise I would have two caldrons sufficient to make a great quantity of salt. I explained to Colonel Jones my plans; he saw they were feasible and practical and proposed lending me the men for two weeks; the confederate government would be benefited to the extent of onetenth of all the salt made; we were paying a tithe of all products, etc., made to the government during the war. WAS A SUCCESS. "My undertaking was a perfect success.

I engaged Dr. Leach, a practical foundryman, paying him sufficient renumeration to assist me. We got the boiler out upon the bluff, where he superintended the cutting of this huge boiler open lengthwise, as proposed, after which he inserted staples so as to attach a rudder for steering at the end of each, fixed attachments upon each side for the support of two seats near which were oarlocks riveted for |. the use of two oars; staples on each side for half-dozen bent hoops or wagon bows, which were covered with common wagon cover so as to protect the occupants from wind and rain. "When my improvised caldrons were complete and placed in the water one of my men imprudently, in getting on board one of my floating crafts, made it dip water. He was ordered out. Dr. Leach remarked, 'I have in my foundry cypress timber six inches square and twenty feet long.

I will attach one piece upon either side, which will prevent them turning over and make them float better.' This we did, which made our undertaking a perfect success. The iron monsters were now completed; they were provisioned for a cruise of ten days. THE OLD CAULDRONS. "These improvised boats were launched into that water where they had rested near a half century. Three men getting on board each, one steering and two plying the oars, they started on their cruise of 260 miles to Clark county, Alabama.

Upon arriving there the boilers were placed upon brick furnaces and in them were made thousands of bushels of salt. With this staff of life I was enabled to clothe, feed and shoe my other negroes. which others found very difficult to do during the four years' siege. which we were subjected to. environments being thrown around us on every side.

"Up to a very few years ago the old caldrons were still in a remarkable state of preservation and being held in the same old position by the brick furnaces that had been hastily erected so many years before. The last I beard of them the brick furnaces were crumbling away under the great weight of the iron monsters that had first | done duty as a boiler for the first steamboat that plied the Alabama and Black Warrior rivers and afterwards as the supply store for salt for the confederate government. They served their purpose and served it well and, like unto many thousands of us followers of that lost cause, they are slowly but surely passing away to give room to more modern and more portentious looking improvements."-Chattanooga Times.

from the January 3, 1895 Tuskaloosa Gazette

 A WAR INCIDENT. HOW SALT WAS MADE DURING THE FOUR YEARS' STRUGGLE.

 The following interesting article from the pen of Capt. J A Bozman is clipped from the Mobile Register: 

On December 2, 1862, General Grant, was with his entire army, landed at Miliken's Bend, Mississippi river. for the purpose of cutting a canal on the west side of the river to Young's Point, in ;a direct line, pot more than three miles through a, beavily-timbered swamp.

This piece of military strategy, when completed, would enable the Federal gunboats and transports to pass through and avoid the Confederate batteries 1o- cated on the heights of Vicksburg surrendered. July 4, 1863. At the above stated time I was successfully planting in Louisiana, a few miles below Grant's point o8 landing. My negroee, about one hundred in number, though aware of the apt roach of their so-called friends, remained loyal to us, and. without compulsion packed "bag and baggage" into their pix-mule wagons and started for Alabama, via Vickeburg, leaving behind the best improved plantation in the parieb, with about six hundred ba'ea of cotton, ten thou and bushof corn, a large stock of cattle and bogs, and other plantation products too numerous to mention all of which were confi:cated or appropriated for the use and benefit of the Federal army soon to fol low in our wake.

As we approached Vicksburg, the Federal gunhosts, patrolling the river, espied in the distance our whitetop wagons, no doubt thinking they contained provisione&coming in from Texas for the Confederate soldiers then occupying that then Jeri to impregnable city, commenced shelling} our fleeing cavalcade, to the disgust and frigbt of their socalled friend [and brother. The Confederates too, no doubt, shared the supposition with|their river foe, and commenced replying over our heads, a veritable duel going on, shot and shell falling all aronnd us, not an enviable place to be in, I assure you. Before reaching our destination Colonel Catesby ap R Jones, BUperintendent of the naval gun foundry located at Selma, impressed forty of my men for the use of the Confederate government, paying me $40 a month for each, I protested, I had matured plans which would enable me to use these men to great advantage. Salt was worth $20 per bushel throughout the Confederate States. We bad in Alabama salt wells sufficient from which we could make salt without diffialty, but we lack, ed the implements or utensils such as caldrons, eto.

With these forty men I could overcome these obstacles. My father-in-law, Captain James H Dearing, being one of the pioneers of Alabama, built at St. Stephens, above Mobile, the firet steamboat, that 88- cended the Alabama river, in 1819 She ran successfully to and from Tuskaloosa to Mobile until 1824, then, by some e mismanagement, the rank at the wharf near Tuskaloos8. All that remaiued of this historical craft was her boiler, seventeen feet long and six feet in diameter, three-fourths of an inch thick. If I could get this monster boiler out of the river and cut it open lengthwise I would bave tWo caldrons sufficient to make a great quantity of salt, Loxplainod to Colonel Jones my poa.

were feasible and practical and proposed loaning me the men for two weeks, my pay to  commence inamediately, as the ate government would be benefited to the extent of one-tenth of all the sales (we were paying a tithe of all product* etc., made to the government during the war.) My uodertaking W88 8 perfect suc. C888. I engaged Dr. Leach, a practi tical foundryman, paying him sufficient remuneration to assist me.

Wel got the boiler out upon the bluff, where he superintended the cutting of this buge boiler open lengthwise, as proposed, after which he inserted staples 80 as to attach a rudder for steering at the end of each, fixed attachments at each side for the support of two seats: near which were oarlocks riveted for the use of two oars; staples upon each side for half-dozen bent hoops or wa" goo bowe, which were covered with common wagon cover, so as to protect the occupants from wind and rain. The iron monsters were (now completed. They were provisioned for a cruise of ten days. These improvised boats were lauched into that water where they had rested near half a century. Three men getting on board of each, one steering and two plying their oars, they started on their eruiseof 260 milesto Clarke county, Alabama.

Upon arrival there, the boilers were placed upon brick furnaces and in them were made thousands of bushels of salt. With this staff of life, I was enabled to clothe, feed and shoe my other negroes, which others found very difficult to do during this four years siege which we were subjected to, env* ronments being thrown around us on every side. J. A. B.

Tuskaloosa, Ala, Dec. 4, 1895.

 MAXWELL HOUSE

Frederick Richard “Pop” Maxwell Sr. (1861-1941) - Find a Grave Memorial

 James Alexander Bozman (1833-1903) - Find a Grave Memorial

Sue Dearing Bozman (1838-1891) - Find a Grave Memorial

Bozman's father-in-law and builder of the steamboat Cotton Plant James Hunter Dearing (1787-1861) - Find a Grave Memorial

During the Civil War, blacksmiths and boilermakers cut huge wrought-iron boilers in two primarily using cold chisels and sledgehammers, hand-cranked drills, or rivet-splitting techniques rather than torches, as oxy-acetylene cutting torches were not invented until the early 20th century. Because Civil War boilers were constructed from overlapping wrought-iron plates fastened together with thousands of rivets, cutting one in half was a grueling, multi-man manual process. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Depending on whether they were salvaging scrap iron for Confederate ironclads, shortening a locomotive boiler, or repairing a damaged steamboat, smiths relied on three primary methods:

1. Splitting the Riveted Seams (The Most Common Method)

Since large boilers were built in cylindrical rings riveted together, the easiest way to divide a boiler in two was to separate it at an existing circumferential seam. [1, 2]

Shearing Rivet Heads: Working in teams, one smith held a heavy, handled cold chisel (called a flogging chisel or rivet buster) against the protruding head of a rivet while a striker swung a 10-to-16-pound sledgehammer to shear the head off. [1]
Driving Out the Shanks: Once the heads were popped off around the entire circumference of the boiler, the smiths used a backing-out punch and sledgehammer to drive the remaining rivet shafts inward, allowing the two halves of the boiler to be pried apart. [1]

2. Chisel-Cutting Through Solid Plate

When a boiler had to be cut across the middle of a solid wrought-iron sheet (typically 1/4-inch to 1/2-inch thick), blacksmiths used brute force and hardened tool steel.

Grooving and Splitting: Smiths marked a chalk line around the cylinder and used a cape chisel (a narrow, wedge-shaped chisel) and heavy hammers to cut a deep groove into the iron.
Hot Cutting (When Portable): If a section could be moved near a forge—or if a temporary charcoal fire was built directly against the boiler shell—the metal was heated to a dull red to soften it before a hot cut chisel was driven through the plate. [1, 2]
Cold Cutting: On massive, immovable boilers, smiths worked cold, alternating between scoring the iron with chisels and wedging the cut open until the wrought iron fractured along the scored line.

3. Chain Drilling (The "Perforation" Method)

For thicker boiler plates or precision cuts—such as repurposing heavy boiler iron into makeshift armor or cutting out large fireboxes—blacksmiths used mechanical drilling.

Ratchet Braces and Hand Drills: Smiths strapped a heavy iron frame (often called an "old man") to the boiler to provide leverage for a hand-cranked ratchet drill.
Connecting the Holes: They drilled a tight row of overlapping holes (a technique known as chain drilling) all the way around the boiler. Once the line was perforated, a few sharp blows with a sledgehammer and cold chisel snapped the remaining thin webs of iron between the holes, cleanly separating the two halves.

Would you like to know more about how reclaimed boiler iron was repurposed for Confederate ironclads and submarines (like the H.L. Hunley), or are you interested in 19th-century boilermaking tools?

from the November 22, 1934 TAMPA TRIBUNE

 1933 and 1934 photos of the construction of the ship channel and jetties at St. Andrews Bay from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photos printed in SAND IN MY SHOES by John A. Burgess (1986)

from the June 27, 1862 TRI-WEEKLY MISSOURI REPUBLICAN

Emancipation and its Results. 

SPEECH OF Hon. S. S. COX, of OHIO, 

IN THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUNE 3, 1862

 IS OHIO TO BE AFRICANIZED?

Samuel S. Cox - Wikipedia

 The London Times gives a truthful picture of the freed negro of Hayti, which has its counterpart here already: 

"The negro is a lazy animal, without any foresight, and therefore requiring to be led and compelled. He is decidedly inferior, very little raised above a mere animal. He is void of self-reliance, and is the creature of circumstances, scarcely fitted to take care of himself; has no care for tomorrow; has no desire for property strong enough to induce him to labor; lives from hand to mouth. In Jamaica emancipation has thrown enormous tracts of land out of cultivation, and on these the negro squats, getting all he wants with very little trouble, and sinking, in the most absolute fashion, back to savage state." 

But it may be urged that there were too many blacks for the whites in the West Indies, and the experiment failed in consequence. Then let us go to Carada, where our slaves are under English laws, and in the midst of people not specially prejudiced.

The testimony is that settlements at Chatham, Dawn, Amherstburg, Buxton, Dresden, and other points are utter failures. It was soon discovered that the blacks preferred charity to labor. The blacks proved lazy, shiftless, improvident, "there not being more than three or four families of a different character out of the one hundred and fifty which comprised the settlement at Buxton. They suffer terribly in winter for want of clothing. The Dresden settlement, planned on the principle of the Socialists, proved a total failure. A few years since Chathham was a bright and prosperous village; but now more than a quarter of its population are negroes, and three-fourths of them are worthless idlers and petty thieves."

 But it may still be urged that in the North—in Ohio—the free negro will work, will rise, will add to the security of the State and the prosperity of the people. I select one from a string of black gems. I select it from the district of my friend, [Mr. Harrison,] who will avouch its correctness. Greene county, Ohio, has nearly fifteen hundred negroes.

The following extract from the Xenia (Ohio) News, (a Republican paper in Greene County,) will give some idea of their condition: "There, are about one hundred negroes in Greene County who are always out of employment. A part of these are those who have lately been freed by their masters, and furnished with a bonus, on which they are now gentlemanly loafing. Our jail is continually filled with negroes committed for petty offenses, such as affrays, petty larceny, drunkenness, assault and battery, for whose prosecution and imprisonment the town of Xenia has to pay about five hundred dollars per annum. And to such persons going to jail is rather pleasure than a disgrace. They are better fed and lodged there than when vagabondizing around our streets.

"We have seen the negro prostitutes flaunting down Main Street, three or four abreast, sweeping all before them indiscriminately. We have seen ladies of respectability running upon the cellar doors, and even into gutters, to avoid being run over by these impudent hussies. It was only the other evening that we saw a lady completely turned around by some black girls, who never deviated from their path in the middle of the sidewalk, and our own cheek has burned with indignation at the lecherous smile of invitation which has been flung into our faces by these swarthy demoiselles. Other gentlemen have complained of the insulting boldness of their address. sickened with the recital."  

It is a disagreeable task to lance the sore which has so long been gathering unheeded; and it is equally so to probe this evil, which unawares is growing in our midst. As we have in a former number already said, we feel no prejudice again t the black man on account of color, or for mere degradation; but, at the same time, we are unwilling that we should be m rally infected by contact with an interior race, the result of which contact is in no way beneficial to the black, and highly injurious to the white.

Some years ago, there was a negro colony established in Brown County, Ohio, as to which the Cincinnati Gazette said that "in a little while the negroes became too lazy to play." A Senator in Ohio characterized the colony as follows: 

“The black settlement in Brown County was made in 1819, the original number located there being four hundred and twenty, for whom about two thousand acres of land were procured. From the commencement there has been no improvement in their morals or habits. Idleness and vice are the prevailing concomitants. The cost of criminal prosecutions has been very large in proportion to the number of inhabitants and keeps up a proportionate average with their increase. In the vicinity of this settlement there is not a family within two miles who are not kept in constant dread of depredations or injury of some sort. Everything valuable that can be removed is stolen. They are absolutely compelled to confine themselves to what is merely necessary to support life, for anything beyond from hand to mouth must inevitably fall a prey to the lurking vagrants, who, far worse than a gang of gypsies, are hovering around seeking literally what they may devour. And this state of things is not confined to any section alone; it extends, in a greater or less degree, wherever this portion of the population is permanently located." 

It might be a profitable calculation to ascertain what will be the depreciation of property in Ohio, if the numberless itinerant blacks from the South are to be admitted to the State. The House will remember the ineffectual efforts of Gerritt Smith to make a black agricultural colony in New York was obliged to confess that "the mass of them rot both physically and morally." I could produce similar evidence from the New York Tribune, but the strength of the statement would not be increased by quoting from such a cesspool of iniquity.

I lay down the proposition that the white and black races thrive bast apart; that a commingling of these races is a detriment to both; that it does not elevate the black, and it only depresses the white; that the history of this continent, especially in Hispano-America, shows that stable, civil order and government are impossible with such a population. In Peru their commingling has led to the decay and degradation of their progeny. Dr. Tschudi, in his travels in Peru, enumerates some dozen crosses of the negro, Indian, and white, with their various and vicious products. The character these mixed races is that of brutality, cowardice and crime, which has no parallel in any age or land.

If you permit the dominant and subjugated races to remain upon the same soil and grant them any approach to social and political equality, amalgamation, more or less, is inevitable. It has invariably followed this blending of people, however opposite the original stocks. 

A speech by Wisconsin Senator Doolittle on the floor of the House of Representatives in the U.S. Capitol from the March 22, 1862 ROCHESTER TIMES-UNION

One of three Republicans to vote AGAINST the 14th amendment

from Wikipedia:

The amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark Supreme Court decisions, such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954; prohibiting racial segregation in public schools), Loving v. Virginia (1967; ending interracial marriage bans), Roe v. Wade (1973; recognizing federal right to abortion until overturned in 2022), Bush v. Gore (2000; settling the 2000 presidential election), Obergefell v. Hodges (2015; extending right to marry to same-sex couples), and Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023; prohibiting affirmative action in most college admissions).

(from Wikipedia)

James R. Doolittle - Wikipedia

I know it is said that the objection which is felt on the part of the white population of this country to living side by side in social and civil equality with the negro race is all a mere prejudice of caste. But its foundations are laid deeper than mere prejudice. It is an instinct of our nature. Men may theorize on the condition of the two races living together, but the thing is impossible; the instincts of both races are against it. Let us look at real facts, and neither deceive ourselves nor anybody else. How do the Free States stand on the question? In my own State, where there are few colored men, there is not much feeling, one way or the other. And so in New England. But in the States near to the Slave States how is it? Illinois has formed a Constitution excluding free colored men. Indiana has some similar provision, and I venture to say if you come down to the practical question whether, if the whole negro population were to be set tree and distributed around among the several States, you would find just the same repugnance in the more Northern States that is now exhibited in Illinois and Indiana.

I have been informed that in 1843 a distinguished gentleman of Vermont was elected to Congress, and one of his neighbors, a well to do farmer, came to pay respects to him before he left for Washington, and says he, "Judge, when you get to Washington, I wish you would take hold of this negro question and have it disposed of. Let us have Slavery abolished and no more said about it." Well, said the Judge, " I suppose many of those people who hold slaves have paid money for them." Perhaps you think it would be no more than just that they should have some compensation." Well, yes, says the farmer,' " I think I would stand my share of the tax for that." But," said the Judge, "there is another thing. If they are emancipated, it is an important question, what shall be done with them? There must be some place for them to live. Perhaps you would think it fair that we should take our share of them?" " Well, about how many would that be?" *Well, our share would be about one to every six whites, or about 500 for the town of Woodstock." " What," said the farmer, *500 negroes in Woodstock. I will bid you good evening, Judge." He started off, but as he got on to his horse he turned around and said: *Judge, you need not do anything more about the negro business on my account." [Laughter.] Perhaps it is not amiss to say that that distinguished Judge sits before me now. [Mr. Collamer.] Now when we come to the thing itself, and look it seriously in the face, it is a very important question what is to be done with this race of people, 

In 1856, when the Hon. Andrew Johnson was Governor of Tennessee, it was supposed there might be a negro insurrection in that State, and large numbers of the white population who had no slaves, were in the habit of calling upon him for arms, for the alleged purpose of preventing a slave insurrection, but he ascertained the fact that these men were conspiring to massacre the whole slave population, and he felt called upon to bring out the militia, not to prevent the negroes from rising, but to prevent the white population from destroying the negro population. There are, in my judgment, three solutions to this negro question. One contended for by such men as Toombs and Davis, that Slavery is a blessing to all men, black and white, and should be extended everywhere, and that Africa should be re-opened to the slave trade and possession be taken of the whole of tropical America so that Slavery should hold in gigantic embrace a monopoly of the sugar, rice and cotton of the world.

This is the dream of Southern fanaticism and Southern ambition. It is a gigantic dream. So, on the other hand, there is another idea, which, in my judgment, is just as wide of the mark, which is, that the whole negro population of the United States should be set free precisely where they are, side by side with their masters there in the slave States, on a footing of equality and entitled to all the rights of manhood. A system of equaIity which brings the laboring white man and the colored man precisely on the same level, and which of necessity must lead in the end to an amalgamation of the races, so as to produce in the Southern States the same state as in Mexico -make a nation of mulattoes and yellow men. This I may be permitted to denominate the solution of old John Brown. I stand by the solution which Jefferson himself laid down, which is that we should give universal liberty to universal men but we will separate these two races, that they may live by themselves in the enjoyment of their rights, social, political and otherwise. That solution is in accordance with the great law which the Almighty has stamped upon the universe. Men can no more reverse it than they can make a new world. The black race will dominate in the tropics always, and our race will dominate in the temperate zone always. The leaders of the slave aristocracy of the South told the nonslaveholding people there that it was our purpose not only to abolish Slavery in the District of Columbia, but it was also the purpose of the present Republican party to overthrow Slavery in the States and put the black men on a social and political equality with his master; and they made them believe it, and only through that belief they induced them to take up arms against the Government. If we go forward on this plan of universal emancipation, we shall make their prophecies true, and make all the statements we made in the campaign of 1860 false, Sir, I will not consent to do it. It will be a violation of every pledge we gave in the canvas of 1860, and in violation of the platform on which we brought the Administration into power. -Mr. Dolittle closed by referring again to the various tropical countries where an empire might be founded by the black race, which would be of vast commercial benefit to this country, and also might be the means of thwarting the ambitious designs of Spain. He contended that it was the duty of Congress to legislate in such a manner as to promote the best interests of all races, and in accordance with justice and humanity to all mankind.